How Dangerous is IPD (Invasive Pneumococcal Disease) ?

IPD is caused by the pneumococcal bacteria, which often reside in the nasal cavity and throat of young children. Since the immune system of young children is not fully developed, they are at higher risk of severe infections. Diseases that may result from IPD include:

- Meningitis: Symptoms include high fever, seizures, lethargy, and a stiff neck.
- Middle Ear Infection: Causes ear pain and irritability.
- Pneumonia: Leads to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.
- Sepsis (Bloodstream Infection): May affect the function of various organs.
While treatment may save lives, some patients may face permanent disabilities, such as hearing loss or brain damage. This disease is the leading cause of death in children under five years old but can be prevented with vaccination.

IPD Strains in Thailand
Currently, over 100 strains of IPD (Invasive Pneumococcal Disease) have been identified worldwide. In Thailand, the most common strains are:

- Strains 19A, 15B, and 10A
These strains are particularly severe and often resistant to antibiotics, making prevention crucial.
 

Who is at Risk of IPD?
1. Young Children, Especially Under 5 Years Old
Children in this age group have underdeveloped immune systems, making them highly susceptible to IPD infections.
2. Children with Chronic Conditions or Health Complications
Children with the following health issues are at higher risk of developing IPD:
- Lung diseases (e.g., severe asthma)
- Heart diseases
- Liver and kidney diseases
- Diabetes
- Asplenia (absence or impaired function of the spleen)
- Immunodeficiency (due to chronic infections or immunosuppressive treatments)
- Meningitis-prone conditions, such as children with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks or those using cochlear implants.
3. At-Risk Adults
- Adults aged 50 years and older.
- Individuals with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, chronic lung disease, or conditions that weaken the immune system.
 

IPD Vaccine: The Best Protection
Currently, there are two types of vaccines available to protect against pneumococcal bacteria:

1. Conjugate Vaccine (PCV):
- Highly effective at stimulating the immune system.
- Suitable for young children from 6 weeks of age.
2. Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV):
- Designed for use in adults.
- Not recommended for children under 2 years old.
PCV20: The New Generation of IPD Vaccine

The latest PCV20 vaccine offers broader protection, covering 20 strains of pneumococcal bacteria that can cause severe infections. This is a significant improvement compared to earlier versions:

- PCV13: Covers 13 strains.
- PCV15: Covers 15 strains.
With its expanded coverage, PCV20 provides enhanced protection against a wider range of dangerous pneumococcal infections.

Advantages of the PCV20 Vaccine

1. Broader Coverage: Protects against a wider range of pneumococcal bacteria.
2. Developed from Highly Effective and Safe Vaccines: Builds on the proven success of previous versions.
3. Suitable for All Ages: Can be administered from as early as 6 weeks old.
4. Long-Lasting Immunity: Provides extended protection.
5. Reduces Transmission: Helps prevent the spread of bacteria within families.
 

Vaccination Recommendations for IPD Prevention in Children

Young children are at high risk of contracting pneumococcal infections (IPD), especially those in very early infancy. The younger the child, the higher the risk.

Guidelines from the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of Thailand:

- It is recommended that infants receive the conjugate vaccine (PCV) for IPD prevention starting at 2 months old.
- The vaccination schedule includes 4 doses as follows:

    - First dose: At 2 months old.

    - Second dose: At 4 months old.

    - Third dose: At 6 months old.

    - Booster dose: At 12 months old.

For Children Under 18 with Chronic Conditions

- If a child has previously received the older vaccines (PCV13 or PCV15) and completed the full series, it is recommended to consider receiving the new PCV20 vaccine for enhanced protection, as it covers 20 strains.
- The decision regarding additional vaccination should be made in consultation with a doctor to ensure it aligns with the child’s health condition and risk factors.
 

Key Information About the PCV20 IPD Vaccine
The PCV20 vaccine is designed to protect against pneumonia and infections caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the “pneumococcal bacteria” or “IPD bacteria.” Key highlights include:

1. Broad Coverage:
- PCV20 covers 20 strains of pneumococcal bacteria.
- It offers broader protection compared to previous vaccines, such as PCV13 and PCV15.
2. Developed from Proven Vaccines:
- PCV20 is a development from PCV13, which has been widely used around the world for over 20 years.
- It is highly effective at preventing infections and is recognized for its safety.
3. Suitable for All Ages:
- The vaccine is approved for use starting at 6 weeks of age.
- It can be used for children, adults, and the elderly.
4. Enhanced Immune Response:
- As a conjugate vaccine, PCV20 contains additional proteins in its structure, improving its ability to stimulate immunity for longer periods, unlike the polysaccharide vaccines.
5. Approved for IPD Prevention:
- The vaccine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for preventing IPD and pneumococcal infections in all age groups.
6. Safety with Mild Side Effects:
- The vaccine is highly safe, with common side effects being mild, such as pain, swelling, or redness at the injection site, which typically resolves within 2-3 days.
- It can also be used in individuals with impaired immune systems.