Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children occur in about 7% of cases, particularly among infants and children under 2 years old. Uncircumcised boys are at a tenfold higher risk of UTIs compared to circumcised boys. In children aged 2 to 5 years, the incidence of UTIs is higher in girls than in boys. UTIs can affect various parts of the urinary system, including the ureters, kidneys, bladder, and urethra. Recurrent UTIs can lead to kidney damage over time.
Causes of Urinary Tract Infections in Children
The causes can be divided into two main factors:
1. Structural Abnormalities: Conditions like vesicoureteral reflux, which is common in young children, can allow bacteria to travel back to the kidneys, leading to upper urinary tract infections.
2. Dysfunctional Bladder Function:  Urinary incontinence, particularly in school-aged girls, decreased water intake, and chronic constipation can contribute to UTIs.
Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections
UTIs in children can be classified into upper and lower urinary tract infections, depending on the affected area. Symptoms vary by age:
• In Newborns: Symptoms may include jaundice, lethargy, and irritability.
• In Young Children: Symptoms often consist of high fever, diarrhea, restlessness, and decreased appetite.
• In Older Children: Those who can communicate may report high fever along with back pain, burning sensation during urination, incomplete urination, increased frequency of urination, incontinence, and bedwetting.
Treatment Guidelines for UTIs in Children
Diagnosis typically involves urine tests and cultures. Antibiotic treatment lasts 7-14 days for younger children, while lower urinary tract infections can often be treated with oral antibiotics for 3-5 days.
Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Children
• Teach children to fully empty their bladders and not to hold urine.
• Clean properly after urination by wiping from front to back to avoid introducing bacteria from the anal area to the urinary tract.
• Encourage regular bowel habits to prevent constipation.
• Ensure adequate fluid intake and regular consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Currently, for children aged 2 months to 5 years with UTIs, doctors recommend an ultrasound of the urinary tract to assess for any structural abnormalities. Identifying underlying causes allows for coordinated treatment with pediatric nephrologists and helps prevent recurrent UTIs, which can lead to faster kidney function decline. Additionally, modern prenatal ultrasound technology can help detect potential urinary tract abnormalities in fetuses, enabling proactive planning for treatment and prevention of UTIs.
In conclusion, UTIs are common in children. If you notice symptoms indicative of a urinary tract infection in your child, it's important to consult a doctor for timely diagnosis and treatment. Following medical advice can significantly reduce the risk of future kidney problems.